|
Organism |
Species effected |
Disease(s)
caused
|
Human Path. |
Comments |
|
|
Staphylococcus
aureus |
Various species |
Cattle,
sheep, goats, swine:
Mastitis, can be acute, most often chronic and subclinical,
Botryomycosis (chronic granulomatous lesions of udders of cows and sows),
Impetigo on sows’ udders after piglet bites Young birds: Bumble foot (subcutaneous
abscesses of feet) Horses:
Botryomycosis (infection of spermatic cord after castration; also
granulomatous lesions in udder of mares), Otitis externa (inflammation of
outer ear canal), Skin and subcutaneous infections, can lead to abscesses,
Urinary infections Rabbits:
Skin infections Turkeys:
Arthritis and septicemia |
X |
In humans, can cause food
poisoning, skin infections, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, impetigo, nosocomial
infections |
|
|
St.
epidermidis |
Various species |
Low
grade bovine mastitis Suture
and wound abscesses in many species |
X |
Normal skin flora on humans, can cause nosocomial
infections, especially on invasive equipment (IV lines, artificial heart
valves) |
|
|
St. intermedius |
Various species
Dogs |
Part of normal flora the nasopharynx and skin of dogs,
raccoons, foxes and mink. Recovered
from cultures from other species many times significance of cultures
unknown (cats, cattle, horses and pigeons) Mastitis
in cattle Mastitis,
pyoderma, otitis externa, eye infections, urinary tract infections,
folliculitis and furunculosis |
|
|
|
|
St. hyicus |
Swine
Various
species |
Polyarthritis and "greasy pig disease" (exudative
epidermitis) Highly contagious. Varies in severity. Also causes septic
arthritis and abortion. Cattle:
Skin and udder infections Pygmy
goat: seborrheic dermatitis Donkeys &
horses: dermatitis |
|
|
|
|
|
Streptococcus agalactiae |
Cattle Dogs Cats |
Mastitis Neonatal
septicemia Kidney
and urinary tract infections |
X |
|
|
|
Str. uberis |
Cattle |
Mastitis (less common than Str. agalactiae or St.
aureus) |
|
|
|
|
Str. dysgalactiae |
Cattle Lambs |
Minor cause of mastitis Polyarthritis |
|
|
|
|
Str. equi |
Horses |
Strangles (infection of lymph nodes in throat
region). More common in young animals, also udder and genital infections |
|
|
|
|
Str. zooepidemicus |
Horses
Many species |
Polyarthritis in young foals through infection of
the umbilicus. Also wound infections and infections of the cervix and
uterus in mares, epididymitis in stallions. Cattle:
Mastitis, cervicitis metritis Swine:
arthritis, abortion, septicemia Lambs:
pleuritis, pericarditis pneumonia Goats:
mastitis Chickens:
fatal septicemia |
|
|
|
|
Str. suis |
Swine |
Lymphadenitis of cervical lymph nodes, meningitis,
arthritis, pneumonia; abortion in sows |
|
|
|
|
Str.
equisimilis |
Swine
Horses |
Swelling
of joints in 1 to 3 week old piglets Strangles, wound infections, genital infections, mastitis |
Rare |
|
|
|
Str. porcinus |
Swine |
Abscesses of madibular, pharyngeal and lymph nodes |
|
|
|
|
Str. bovis |
Ruminants |
Lactic acidosis and other gastric disorders |
X |
Endocarditis, meningitis & sepsis in humans |
|
|
Str. pneumoniae |
Cattle |
Bronchopneumonia or meningitis in calves, mastitis
in cows |
X |
Primarily a human pathogen. |
|
|
Enterococcus faecalis |
Many species |
Endocarditis, mastitis |
X |
Wound, urine infections, septicemia in humans.
Common inhab of intestinal tract of animals and humans |
|
|
Gram Positive Rods |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bacillus anthracis |
Cattle,
sheep, swine, horses, dogs |
Anthrax; a severe respiratory infection with bloody
discharge from body openings. In swine causes acute pharyngitis
(inflammation of the throat) |
X |
Very severe
human pathogen, can be fatal. Do not open carcass of infected/suspected
animal. Diagnosis from blood from ear vein. |
|
Clostridium
chauvoei |
Sheep, cattle, goats |
Blackleg (fever and lameness, followed by swelling
over the region of heavy muscles. Mortality nearly 100%. Wound infection
results with necrotic tissue, dry, dark with gas bubbles and rancid odor. |
|
Found in livers, intestines and normal tissues of
healthy dogs and cattle. Enters by
injestion or is endogenous, carried to tissues in bloodstream |
|
|
Cl. septicum |
Cattle, sheep, swine and horses |
Malignant edema (extensive tissue swelling causing
stiffness and lameness, death 24-48 hours) |
X |
Transmitted: by exposure of wounds to soil or fecally
contaminated material |
|
|
Cl.
hemolyticum |
Cattle, sheep |
Bacillary hemoglobinuria or red water disease
(anemia, high fever, abdominal pain, enlarged liver, bile stained feces
and red urine. Liver flukes thought to predispose to this disease. Animals
ingest contaminated water, infection spreads through bloodstream |
X |
Worldwide associated with liver flukes. In US, sound
in mountain valleys of Nevada, Montana & other western states and
along Gulf of Mexico |
|
|
Cl. novyi |
Cattle, sheep, water buffalo |
Black disease (abdominal pain, reluctance to move,
enlarged liver and inner surface of skin darkened by blood-stained edema).
Also "big head" in rams: edema of head and neck. Traumatic
injury from butting allows organism to enter subcutaneous tissues on head. |
X |
Associated with liver flukes worldwide Gas gangrene
in humans Osteomyelitis
in water buffaloes in Indonesia |
|
|
Cl. perfringens |
Dogs |
Dogs:
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Lambs:
Dysentery during first 2 weeks of life Calves
and piglets, lambs & foals: Hemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal animals Sheep
& goats: Overeating disease; feedlot sheep eat grain contaminated with
this organism and absorb the toxin, dying quickly. Also causes their
kidneys to become pulpy and decomposed. Fowl:
necrotic enteritis and gangrenous dermatitis |
X |
Common inhabitant in soil, air, dust and manure. Is normal inhabitant of intestinal tracts of many animals and humans. Found in water of lakes, streams and rivers. Has been found as contaminant in many types of commercially prepared foods. Causes gas gangrene in wounds. Causes gas
gangrene and food poisoning in humans |
|
|
Cl. tetani |
Horses |
Lockjaw; disease caused by toxin produced by the
organism. Rigid stance (sawhorse stance) with ears and tail rigid,
paralysis of jaw muscles, death from respiratory failure. Hoof infections |
X |
Major cause of human gas gangrene and lockjaw.
Cattle and sheep also susceptible to wound infections; rare in dogs and
cats. Poulty resistant |
|
|
Cl. botulinum |
Many species including humans: Horses Ducks,
chickens, turtles, wild birds, cattle & sheep |
Causes botulism: progressive muscle paralysis,
animals and humans die of respiratory failure. Animals infected by eating
contaminated food sources (some species affected: dogs, sheep chickens,
turtles, cattle) Shaker foal
syndrome; foals shake when standing and fall to ground Limberneck;
paralysis of neck and extemities after eating contaminated food: rotting
vegetation or spoiled hay, oats or silage |
X |
Extremely potent neurotoxin (1 mg lethal for 120
mice, less than 1 microgram lethal for 1 human) |
|
|
Listeria monocytogenes |
Many species |
Cattle
& sheep: Listeriosis or circling disease; animal crowds into a corner
or walks in circles with neck held to one side. Progresses to paralysis of
limbs. Abortions in cows and ewes. Also meningitis Horses:
Acute septicemia in foals Cows,
sheep: abortion, encephalitis (occasionally in horses and dogs) Rabbits,
pigs, lambs, racoons: liver necrosis Fowl:
septicemia, necrotic liver as focus of infection |
X |
Can cause
abortion in humans after injestion of contaminated food (commonly dairy
products or soft cheeses). Other human disease includes meningitis,
encephalitis and septicemia. Frequently opportunistic Found in
feces, genital secretions and nasal passages of many animals and in
silage. Some believe it is soil inhabitant. |
|
|
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
Many species |
Swine:
Erysipelas occurs in three forms: acute septicemia in suckling pigs with
sudden death; diamond skin disease with various sized plaques on the
abdomen, ears and snout or endocarditis or polyarthritis following acute
infection. Sheep
and calves: post-dipping laminitis, polyarthritis. Organism enters
through wounds or nonhealed umbilicus Fowl:
septicemia, important economic disease in flocks Dogs:
endocarditis Cattle:
polyserositis, arthritis and septicemia |
X |
Causes erysipeloid in humans, a localized wound
infection on hand or fingers. Infection generally lasts appx 3 weeks.
Painful edematous swelling at site of infection. Can progress to
septicemia, endocarditis, or septic arthritis. Veterinary
workers, butchers, packing house workers, fish handlers and cooks at
greatest risk of exposure. Infection results when cuts on hands are exposed to skin of an infected animal |
|
|
Actinomyces
(Corynebacterium) pyogenes |
Cattle, sheep, goats and swine |
Secondary abscesses following trauma to tissues.
Pneumonia. Metritis, liver abscesses, endocarditis and mastitis in cattle. |
|
|
|
|
Corynebacterium renale |
Cattle, swine |
Cattle:
Cystitis, renal abscess, pylonephritis, higher incidence in females near
parturition. Swine: kidney
abscesses |
|
|
|
|
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
Sheep, goats,
horses, mules, lambs |
Caseous lymphadentits of superficial lymph nodes
occurring in arid regions of the country. Chronic lymphadentitis in wild
ruminants and camels, rarely in cattle. Folliliculitis and pectoral
abscesses in horses, purulent arthritis in lambs |
|
Occasional
human infections consisting of subacute or chronic lymphadenitis |
|
|
Rhodococcus
(Corynebacterium) equi |
Horses |
Horses:
Infectious pneumonia in foals with lesions in abdominal wall &
cervical lymph nodes. Occasional abortion in mares. Subcutaneous
abscesses, necrotizing enterocolitis in foals Cats:
subcutaneous abscesses from traumatic injuries Swine:
abscesses of the lungs and lymph nodes |
|
|
|
|
Gram Negative Rods |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
Many species |
Cattle:
Infectious colibacillosis of neonatal calves. Calf scours: diarrhea of
calves less than 2 weeks old. Mastitis Swine:
Diarrhea of piglets or piglet scours. Colibacillosis of weanling pigs 8-12
weeks old causing edema, hind leg paralysis and death Sheep:
Colibacillosis of lambs in two forms: septicemia and collapse in lambs 2-3
weeks old; second form similar to calf scours Chickens
and turkeys: acute septicemia, granulomatous lesions of intestine Lambs:
diarrhea similar to calves and piglets. Other
species: urinary tract infection and diarrhea in dogs and puppies;
abortions & metritis in mares, enteritis in foals, enteritis in
rabbits |
X |
Mastitis in cattle a serious problem, possibly due
to close confinement during winter months and eradication of other
mastitis pathogens from cows’ udders. Causes many
human infections from urinary tract & wound infections to sepsis. |
|
|
Salmonella |
Many species |
Cattle:
Septicemia in neonatal calves and enteric form of disease in older calves.
May cause abortion. Horses:
Navel infections, septicemia or polyarthritis in foals, abortion in later
stages in mares. Poultry:
Two forms of diarrhea. Cats
& dogs: Acute septicemia and gastroenteritis in puppies & kittens
esp. in crowded living conditions Swine:
Enteritis, septicemia and pneumonia. Swine serve as another reservoir of
Salmonella |
X |
Poultry is a
major reservior of Salmonella. All fowl (wild and domestic) are probably
carriers of this organism. Causes self limited diarrheal disease in humans
through injestion of contaminated food. |
|
|
Klebsiella species |
Many species |
Horses:
Metritis and abortion; pneumonia and suppurative infections in foals Cattle:
Mastitis indistinguishable from E. coli except by culture Dogs:
urinary infections, septicemia & pneumonia |
X |
Causes a wide
range of human infections from urinary tract infections to pneumonia and
septicemia |
|
|
Arizona species |
Turkeys |
Diarrheal disease |
X |
Causes enteritis in humans |
|
|
Proteus species |
Many species |
Dogs & ponies: cystitis & urinary
infections; rarely ear infections in dogs and cats Diarrheal
infections in young minks, lambs, goats, calves and puppies |
X |
Mainly opportunistic infections in humans: urinary
infections, occasionally wound infections |
|
|
Pasteurella hemolytica |
Cattle |
Pneumonic pasteurellosis or shipping fever: fever,
anorexia, shortness of breath, pneumonia following transport, dehorning,
castration, and weaning or adverse weather conditions. |
|
|
|
|
Pasteurella
multocida |
Many species |
Cattle: Pneumonia which may range from acute to
chronic in nature Dogs and
cats: Normal flora in mouth. Becomes human pathogen after bite from dog or
cat. Poultry: Fowl
cholera: enteritis, chronic arthritis and wound infection, low grade
respiratory infection Rabbits:
Snuffles; pneumonia and upper respiratory infections Swine: Swine
plague as a complication of viral pneumonia |
X |
Wound infections in humans resulting from dog or cat
bites. Part of normal respiratory flora in cats and swine |
|
|
Haemophilus somnus (also spelled
Hemophilus) |
Cattle |
Infectious
thromboembolic meningoencephalitis in feedlot cattle: staggering gait and
hemorrhages in retina. If neurologic signs develop, the disease is too
advanced for treatment. Also can cause respiratory infections, arthritis
and reproductive failure. |
|
|
|
|
H. suis and
H. parasuis |
Swine |
Glasser’s
disease in young pigs (fever, anorexia, dyspnea and polyarthritis). Common
in Europe. |
|
|
|
|
H. gallinarum |
Fowl |
Coryza: nasal discharge, sneezing, facial swelling. |
|
|
|
|
Actinobacillus
(Hemophilus) pleuropneumoniae |
Swine |
Pleuropneumonia
and septicemia in swine, the most common swine infection in Canada |
|
|
|
|
Taylorella
equigenitalis |
Horses &
ponies |
Highly
contagious venereal disease resulting in reduced fertility, cervicitis,
metritis and abortion in mares. |
|
Spread
venereally or through contaminated equipment or hands |
|
|
Actinobacillus
ligniersii |
Cattle |
Wooden
tongue; also affects head, pharynx and hard palate Less
frequently: sheep, pigs, dogs and humans with similar infections |
|
|
|
|
A. equuli |
Horses &
swine |
Horses:
Septicemia, purulent infection of joints and kidneys. Foals may become
infected at birth, through placenta or umbilicus. Sometimes incorrectly
called shigellosis. Swine: septic
arthritis, endocardidis, suppurative nephritis, septicemia and mastitis |
|
|
|
|
A.
pleuropneumoniae |
Swine |
Swine
pleuropneumonia: an acute or chronic disease of swine which is of great
economic importance. Mortality rates high in newly infected animals |
|
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Many species |
All animals,
including humans: wound infections abscesses, diarrhea, ear, urinary and
genital infections, nosocomial pathogen Dogs &
cats: Urinary and ear infections, endocarditis, dermatitis, post-operative
septicemia Cattle:
Mastitis, traumatic pericarditis, granuloma of skin and abortion Horses:
Corneal infections, abortion & reproductive problems Swine:
Necrotic rhinitis and pneumonia Sheep: Green
wool disease Minks and
Chinchilla: hemorrhagic pneumonia Fowl:
septicemia and respiratory infections |
X |
|
|
|
Brucella
abortus, B. melitensis and B. canis |
Many species |
Cattle:
Brucellosis or Bang’s disease: abortion at 5-6 months. After abortion,
the cows act as carriers through their milk and vaginal membranes. Can
localize in testicles, epididymis or seminal vesicles in bulls.
Transmission through ingestion of food water or milk contaminated with
uterine discharges, urine or feces from infected animal, by penetration of
the skin or venereally transmitted. Swine:
Uncommon infection in more generalized but similar illnesses Dogs:
Abortion in last trimester, chronic osteomyelitis, diskospondylisis,
prostatitis, epididymitis Goats:
Abortion |
X |
Brucellosis
is a disease of great economic importance; Canada and U.S. have spent
large sums of money to eradicate it. Modified live vaccine 70% effective. Widely spread
through dog population but incidence of disease low. Human
infection ranges from mild to severe in veterinary and microbiology lab
personnel, obstetric workers in the dairy industry, slaughterhouse workers
and through contaminated milk. Disease states include septicemia,
undulating fever, localization in liver, lymph nodes or bones. |
|
|
Bordatella bronchiseptica |
Dogs,
swine, cats, rabbits |
Dogs: Bronchopneumonia or kennel cough Swine: atrophic rhinitis Cats: subclinical respiratory disease Rabbits:
snuffles |
|
Immunocompetent humans can develop
pneumonia after close association with rabbits |
|
|
Francisella tularensis |
Sheep, rabbits and other wild animals Domestic cats |
Tularemia:
fever, elevated respiratory rates Domestic cats can develop fever, anorexia, abscesses and lymph node involvement |
X |
May be transmitted in wild through insect vectors.
Human form commonly ulceroglandular with development of papules, ulcers
and lymph node enlargement. May become systemic. Highly contagious, use
biocontainment methods in labs |
|
|
Moraxella bovis |
Cattle |
Bovine keratoconjunctivitis: acute form is pink eye,
can evolve to chronic form of corneal ulceration. |
X |
Transmissible to humans; wash hands well before
touching eyes. |
|
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum |
Many species |
Cattle:
Calf diphtheria: invades tissues of mouth, cheeks, gums and tongue causing
brown necrotic areas covered with membrane, may progress to ulcers,
laryngitis characterized by loud wheezing. Cattle
& sheep: Foot rot: affects connective tissue; infected foot becomes
swollen, hot and painful with necrotic areas between digits. Liver
abscesses of the rumen wall after inflammation. Organism migrates via
bloodstream to liver to cause abscesses. Sheep:
lip and leg ulcerations Goats:
ulcerative stomatitis Swine:
"bullnose" suppurative necrotic infection of nose and face
following traumatic injury Horses:
Gangrenous dermatitis of lower extremeties after prolonged exposure to
damp muddy conditions. Rarely causes pneumonia and septicemia." Fowl:
avian diphtheria, secondarily invades after fowl pox virus lesions |
X |
Can cause variety of human infections including
abscesses, thrombophlebitis and oral lesions. |
|
|
Bacteroides nodosus |
Sheep, goats
and cattle |
Contagious
foot rot: weight loss and lameness. Extremely contagious through discharge
from infected lesions. Associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum
infections |
X |
Can cause human abscesses, peritonitis and
post-operative infections |
|
|
B. melaninogenicus |
Many species |
Infections including peritonitis, pericarditis,
suppurative arthritis and pneumonia |
X |
Can cause human abscesses, peritonitis and
post-operative infections |
|
|
Campylobacter
fetus ss venerealis |
Cattle, sheep |
Abortion, irregular heat cycles and infertility in
females; males exhibit no signs of infection. |
|
|
|
|
Campylobacter
fetus ss fetus |
Cattle, sheep, goats |
Cattle
& goats: Abortion usually in last trimester. Sheep:
abortions, oral infections |
X |
May also cause abortion and undulant fever like
disease in humans. |
|
|
Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni |
Cattle, dogs, swine |
Dysentery of cattle, young dogs and piglets Kittens and puppies less than 6 months old can develop dysentery of 1-3 weeks duration, associated with stress |
X |
Human pathogen causing self limiting diarrheal
disease from improperly prepared or contaminated food |
|
|
Actinomyces bovis |
Cattle, swine |
Cattle:
Actinomycosis or lumpy jaw: abscesses, granulomas, loose teeth and
fistulous tracts. Can also cause mastitis, orchitis, liver lesions. Swine:
liver abscesses, chronic mastitis |
X |
In humans the
organism may cause lesions in head, neck, face, lungs, breast and lymph
nodes |
|
|
Dermatophilus congolensis |
Horses, cattle & sheep |
Horses
& cattle: Acute or chronic dermatitis of skin and subcutaneous
tissues, primarily of back and heels. Hair is matted as if painted. If
scab is removed, area underneath is moist and may have exudate. Sheep:
dermatitis causing "lumpy wool" may also affect lower legs causing
strawberry foot rot. |
|
Can produce disease in humans in subcutaneous
tissues and lymph nodes possibly through puncture wounds |
|
|
Nocardia asteroides |
Dogs and cats |
Dogs
& cats: Systemic: fever, soreness, dyspnea, swollen abdomen and
lymphadenitis resembling tuberculosis. Local superficial infections may
rupture causing fistulas. Cattle:
acute or chronic mastitis |
X |
Can cause
human infections ranging from those in subcutaneous tissues to pneumonia |
|
|
Mycobacterium bovis |
Cattle, goats, swine, sheep & deer Rarely dogs, cats & horses |
Chronic disease of lesions in lungs and lymph nodes
of head and thorax. Calves fed infected milk develop lesions in abdominal
cavity. |
X |
Humans can develop infection of viscera and bones,
primarily from ingestion of contaminated milk Badgers may be reservoirs of M. bovis in Unitied States. Control methods include pasteurization of milk, random TB tests in cattle, check of slaughtered animals with traceback for M. bovis infection. |
|
|
M. avium |
Chickens, domestic birds, swine |
Avian
disease develops in crowded living conditions, granulomas with caseation Swine
disease occurs in lymph nodes in the head Sporadic
cases in horses, dogs & cats |
X |
Can cause respiratory infections which can be severe
in immunocompromised individuals (HIV+) |
|
|
M. tuberculosis |
Many species although the disease is primarily human |
Caseated granulomatous lesions of lungs and lymph
nodes. The following species can also become infected: cattle, swine,
parrots, dogs, guinea pigs, mice & elephants |
X |
Serious human pathogen on the rise since the mid
1980s |
|
|
M. paratuberculosis |
Cattle, sheep and goats |
Johne’s disease: weight loss and chronic diarrhea
with decrease in milk production. |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides and capri |
Cattle, goats |
Cattle: Contagious pleuropneumonia Goats:
polyarthritis, mastitis, septicemia, pneumonia |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma agalactiae |
Sheep and cattle |
Contagious agalactiae (bacteremia then localization
& inflammation of udder, uterus, eyes and arthritis). |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma bovis |
Cattle |
Severe mastitis; also arthritis and genital
infections. |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma bovigenitalium |
Cattle |
Mastitis, arthritis and genital tract infections. |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma dispar |
Cattle |
Pneumonia |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma synoviae |
Birds |
Synovitis of hock and wing joints of chickens and
turkeys |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
Swine |
Enzootic pneumonia. |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma hyorhinis |
Swine |
Pneumonia
(also found in nasal cavities) |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
Fowl |
Chronic respiratory disease in turkeys, chickens;
infectious sinusitis and synovitis of turkeys. Results in decreased egg
production, poor growth and embryo death |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma meleagridis |
Turkeys |
Airsacculitis in turkeys. Transmitted by eggs then
laterally to poults. |
|
|
|
|
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae |
Swine |
Arthritis in older pigs |
|
|
|
|
Ureaplasma species |
Cattle & turkeys | ||||