Guidelines
for Addressing
Best
Management Practices
for
Performing Arts Centers/Theaters
Prepared By:
Florida Community Colleges Risk Management
Consortium
February 2005
Guidelines
for Addressing
Best
Management Practices
for
Prepared By:
Florida Community Colleges Risk Management
Consortium
February 2005
Basic Stage Safety............................................................................. 4
Elevated Platforms and
Workspaces...................................................... 4
Elevated Platforms and
Workspaces (Continued).................................... 5
Ladders............................................................................................ 5
Ladders (Continued)........................................................................... 6
Rigging............................................................................................ 6
Rigging (Continued)........................................................................... 7
Fall Protection.................................................................................... 7
Fly Systems Loading and
Unloading ..................................................... 8
Fly Systems Operation........................................................................ 8
Fly Systems Operation
(Continued) ...................................................... 9
Electrical System................................................................................ 9
Electrical System (Continued).............................................................. 10
Lights............................................................................................... 10
Fire Safety........................................................................................ 11
Scene Shop – General Safety.............................................................. 11
Scene Shop – General Safety (Continued)............................................. 12
Clothing and Personal Protection.......................................................... 12
Directing Classes – General Safety........................................................ 13
Theatrical Health and Safety Self-Evaluation
Checklist............................. 14
Appendix A:
Theater Safety Code Reference Sheet............................... 16
Appendix B:
OSHA Standards for Theater Safety................................... 17
|
Claude Edwards, Fire Inspector Palm Beach Community College |
Jan-Hein Phelps, Technical Director St. Johns River Community College |
|
Robie Faucher, Audio Visual Technician Lake City Community College |
Liz Reynolds, Lighting Designer Santa Fe Community College |
|
Joan Fetchen, Director, Performing Arts
Center Lake City Community College |
Owen Reynolds, Technical Director Santa Fe Community College |
|
Bill Gibson, Compliance Inspector Valencia Community College |
Thomas Reynolds, Facility/Conference
Coordinator St. Johns River Community College |
|
Scott Green, Technical Director Daytona Beach Community College |
John Rickard, Assistant Director,
Physical Plant Okaloosa-Walton Community College |
|
Charles Griggs, Coordinator of Safety
& Risk Mgt. Santa Fe Community College |
George Scott, Director Of Facilities Lake City Community College |
|
Steven Harrington, Lighting Design/Master
Electrician Daytona Beach Community College |
Steve Shields, Risk Manager Hillsborough Community College |
|
Bob Long, Coordinator Environmental
Safety Pensacola Junior College |
Danny Taylor, Safety Specialist Tallahassee Community College |
|
Tom Lopez, Dir., Safety &
Security/Risk Mgt. Valencia Community College |
Piper Walton, Loss Prevention Manager Florida Community Colleges Risk Mgt.
Consortium |
|
George Markos, Safety/Risk Manager Daytona Beach Community College |
Chris Wilt, Light & Sound Technician Pasco-Hernando Community College |
|
Robert O’Leary, Technical Theater
Instructor St. Johns River Community College |
|
We would like to thank all of the
participating members for their hands-on knowledge of performing arts
centers/theaters in creating this document for the colleges to adopt as part of
their safety program.
This document is a basic guide and does not cover all situations
encountered in Performing Arts Centers/Theaters. It is a generic document and is intended for
the use of each college to develop their own best management practices.
J. David Klaitz, Executive Director
Florida Community Colleges Risk Management
Consortium
q Conduct daily safety walk-through
inspection.
q Make sure
that all props are safely secured.
q All trap
doors and pits must be adequately marked.
q All
rotating sections of the stage must be marked.
q All
grooves in the floor must be clearly marked.
q All
elevations should be clearly marked, made safe, and constructed by industry
standards.
q Stage
floors should have adequate resiliency, kept dry, and cleared of slippery
materials, and be free of splinters, nails, or worn-out floorboards.
q Backstage
stairs should be maintained in good condition, and the stairwells should be
properly lit.
q All
alleyways should be clear of litter and obstacles.
q The
stairs leading up to any catwalk or elevation should have rails and be marked.
q People
should not be allowed to enter or exit sections of the stage that are moving or
rotating unless absolutely necessary.
q Documented
training must be on file.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
Elevated Platforms and Workspaces
q Training
on all equipment shall be conducted prior to use.
q Standard
railings should guard all areas elevated above 6 feet.
q Standard
railings consist of a top-rail, a mid-rail, toe board, and posts.
q Standard
railings must be able to withstand 200 pounds in any direction on the top rail.
q Guardrails
are needed for wall openings that are 30 inches from the ground.
q All
guardrails should be designed for live load of 20 pounds per foot.
q A cover
or guardrail on open sides must guard all floor openings. If there is only a
cover, when uncovered, the opening must be attended to by a worker. Hinges,
handles, and all other hardware must be flush with the floor.
q If
guardrails are impractical, there should be other mechanisms to prevent falling
such as tape markings.
q Walking
on open beams or sliding down beams that are 15 feet or higher must be done
only with safety harnesses.
q People
will not ride on lifting devices that are not meant to lift humans or on any
other moving device unless allowed by the manufactures operating and safety
instructions.
q Platforms
should be clear of all obstructions, kept free of oils, grease, water, or any
slippery substance.
Elevated Platforms and Workspaces (Continued)
q Metal
pipe railings, top rails, and mid-rails should be 1 ˝ inches in diameter.
q If toe
boards are required, they should not exceed 3 inches and bottom clearance
should not exceed Ľ inch.
q If work
is done on thrust outs or other elevated surfaces of over 15 feet (e.g.,
trusses or beams) safety belts and lifelines are needed.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q Ladder
safety training shall be conducted prior to use.
q Ladders
should always be inspected before use to make sure they are in safe condition.
Any ladders with broken or missing rungs or other defects shall not be used.
q Never
substitute a chair, table, or box, etc. for a ladder. Never place a ladder on a
table or box to increase the height.
q Ladders
will not be “spliced” together to create a longer one.
q All
personnel using a ladder should face the ladder while ascending and descending.
q A stepladder
should be used only in the completely open position, and only climbed on the
side with the steps. A stepladder should not be used as a surface from which to
work. Workers should not stand on the top step.
q Use
wooden ladders or fiberglass because of their increased stability and
non-conducting properties. The ladders should not be painted. This can hide splits and defects.
q Ladders
should be maintained in good condition.
The hardware, fittings, and joints should operate securely and smoothly.
Rungs should be clean of oil, grease, water, or any slippery substance.
q The
ladder feet should be placed on a secure base, and the area underneath the
ladder should be kept dry and clear of debris.
q Non-skid
safety feet should be installed on all straight ladders before use.
q Manufactured
portable wood ladders should have non-slip bases securely bolted or riveted by
side rails.
q Ladder
side rails shall be at least 3 feet above the landing. If this is not possible,
then grab rails should be installed.
q Portable
metal ladders should not be used for electrical work. Metal ladders must be
marked: “CAUTION: Do Not Use Around Electrical Equipment.”
q A
straight ladder should be kept on a level surface and be placed about one
quarter of the length of the ladder from the wall or surface upon which it
leans.
q Straight
ladders should be blocked, tied off, or otherwise secured when in use;
otherwise, an assistant wearing a hard hat should brace the ladder for the
user. For large ladders, two assistants may be needed.
q While
using a ladder, tools and other objects should be secured against falling.
Materials should never be left on the ladder, or dropped or pitched to another
person.
q Genies,
or other hydraulic lift systems can only be operated if all outriggers are in
place.
q OSHA has
specific regulations on tread width and rung distance for fixed ladders. (See
Appendix B.)
q Fixed
ladders over 20 feet in height must be caged.
q If there
are ladder safety devices, then a landing platform is not required. Examples of
ladder safety devices include a wire rope running along the middle of the
ladder or a notched rail device used in conjunction with a friction operated
safety harness.
q Because
fixed ladders rest on a wall, they can be installed at a steeper angle than
portable ladders.
q Participants with special health
concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q Create a log for rig inspections.
q Require continuous training.
q Properly
trained and qualified persons should do the operation, maintenance, and repair
work on rigging equipment. They should be knowledgeable in operation and
functioning of the equipment, safe use, routine maintenance, operation of
safety devices, possible dangers during operation, and emergency procedures.
q All
rigging equipment shall be inspected before use, after alterations, and at
regular intervals.
q Counterweights
should be enclosed with a guard. Passage must be blocked when loading.
q Damaged
or defective slings and ropes must be removed from service. Chains or ropes
should not be shortened by knotting.
q Be sure
all loads do not exceed the safe capacity of the system.
q Follow
safe procedures when loading, unloading, or operating rigging systems.
Unbalanced counterweight systems should be kept on the ground, for example
while loading and unloading.
q Maintain
visual contact of a moving piece at all times.
q Warn
people on the stage and grid before moving any rigged scenery or other object.
q Maintain
control of moving pieces at all times.
q Only
assigned personnel shall have access to suspended work areas such as grids and
catwalks.
q All
hoisting systems should be secured to prevent accidental or unauthorized use.
q Recommend
annual or more frequent certified inspections.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q Working on a ladder that raises
you at least 6 feet from the floor requires the use of an approved fall
protection system, i.e., a full body harness and appropriate lanyard connected
to a cross-arm strap or other approved building structure. See the theater director or his/her designee
for harness certification and approval on connection points.
q Keep the lanyard from getting
caught by your feet or legs while climbing ladders and stairs.
q When using fall protection
anywhere in the theater, it is required that another person be in the theater
to assist in case of an accident.
q Remove any unnecessary items
from pockets and items that could otherwise fall off before climbing up a
ladder, working in the catwalks, or working near the edge of any abrupt change
in flooring.
q All platforms, stairs, and
scenery should be properly secured, inspected, and approved for use by a
knowledgeable authority (such as the technical director) before using them in
any way.
q People unfamiliar with the
terrain should “walk the set” and/or be shown any hazards before trying to
work, rehearse, or perform.
q Make sure that adequate
lighting is provided in all fall risk situations.
q People using equipment that
impedes their field of vision must have a spotter if they intend to move around
while using that equipment. Spotters should monitor the stage position of
themselves and the equipment operator and stop any filming or other relevant
activity should a potential hazard arise.
q Participants with
special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
Fly Systems Loading and Unloading
q At least three trained,
certified people are required: two on the loading gallery and one supervisor on
the stage to test the line set, call commands, and spot.
All people must wear hard hats on the stage.
q Remove any unnecessary items
from pockets and items that could fall off before climbing up to the loading
gallery.
q During the loading/unloading
process, an unbalanced load condition exists. This is potentially very dangerous.
Use the theater department’s official procedure each time a line is loaded or
unloaded. This procedure is taught as part of the certification process.
q
Whenever possible, battens should be loaded at low trim. Counterweights
should be the last thing loaded and the first thing unloaded.
q Never load or unload weights
when anyone is standing below the loading gallery.
q Lift weights with your legs
while keeping your back as vertical as possible.
q A spreader plate should be used
as recommended by the manufacturer. Arbor collars should remain fastened in
place after loading and unloading.
q There should be quiet on stage
whenever counterweights are being loaded/unloaded.
q Counterweights should never be
stacked higher than the top of the kick rail and should be evenly distributed
along the length of the loading gallery.
q Line sets should always be kept
in balance. Never rely on the rope lock to hold an unbalanced load.
q If the line can not be
perfectly balanced because the imbalance is smaller than the smallest weight
available, it is usually better to leave the line arbor heavy.
q Participants with
special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
emergency _ – x3911
q
At least two trained, certified people are required: one to
operate the line set and the other to spot. When using a pin-and-rail system,
three or more people may be required. All people must wear hard hats on the
stage.
q Use the theater department’s
official procedure each time a line set is moved. This procedure is taught as
part of the certification process.
q Never stand or walk under a
moving line set.
q Never move a line set when
someone is under it.
q There should be quiet on stage
whenever line sets are flown.
q Rope locks should always be
locked closed with the lock ring in place when the line is not in motion.
Fly Systems Operation (Continued)
q Label
any line set that should not be moved for safety reasons. Never move a line set
that is labeled with a warning not to do so.
q If a line set begins to fall
out of control do not attempt to stop it.
q Participants with
special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q Licensed
electricians should do all electrical work and wiring in accordance with
requirements of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70). Only members of the
electrical crew should make electrical connections to distribution boxes. All electrical cables should use standard
color-coding: white – neutral; green – case or earth grounding; red, black, and
blue – live or hot wire; brown, yellow, and orange –high voltage.
q All
electrical personnel should be aware of the load-bearing capacity of cables and
boxes and not overload this capacity.
q Cables
should be routed, taped down, or covered to avoid people tripping over them.
They should not be nailed, stapled, tacked to wood, or attached to metal pipes
or other metal materials.
q Cables
should not be spliced; they should be connected to approved terminals or
connectors.
q Cables
should be checked regularly for overheating, loose connections, fraying, or other
damage.
q Worn and
frayed electrical cables should not be used. Keep electric cables away from
sharp corners or doors that can pinch and damage them.
q Extension
cords used with portable electric tools should be the three-wire type.
q Flexible
cords should not be substituted for fixed wiring.
q Outlets
of sufficient voltage and ampere ratings must supply portable stage
switchboards.
q All
circuits from a portable switchboard shall be provided with suitable over
current protection.
q Portable
switchboards shall be enclosed with substantial construction that is lined with
corrosion resistant metal.
q All
switches and circuit breakers should be externally operable and enclosed.
q All AC
circuits must be grounded.
q The path
to ground from all circuits, enclosures, and equipment shall be permanent. All switches shall be marked.
q Powered
tools and electrical equipment with exposed metal parts must be grounded.
q If
equipment is de-energized for any reason (for example maintenance or repair),
then the equipment should be locked-out and tagged-out. For information on
lockout and tagout procedures: follow OHSA Standard 1910, subpart J. (See
Appendix B.)
q Temporary
lights must be equipped with guards to prevent contact with the bulb.
q Back
feeding of circuits is prohibited.
q Electrical
outlets should be recessed.
q Training and documentation of
theater staff annually, or as required.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q All
lights must be safely secured.
q All
lights and other powered equipment should be properly grounded.
q Deteriorated
or poorly maintained lighting equipment fixtures, sockets, fixture wiring, etc.
should be replaced.
q Fixtures
should be turned off and disconnected from the power source before being worked
on.
q Equipment
repaired at the theater should be checked for continuity and polarity before
reuse.
q All
lighting fixtures or stands should be properly supported to prevent tipping.
Hung fixtures should have a safety chain.
q Install
ground fault circuit interrupters (for AC) when using powered equipment within
6 feet of wet locations.
q Open-faced
equipment should have shielding to protect nearby personnel from flying glass
in case of an exploding bulb.
q High
voltage gas discharge lamps such as neon, high intensity discharge, and
fluorescents should be properly grounded.
All must be inspected for lens cracks that could leak ultraviolet
radiation. Personnel using high voltage
gas charged lamps should be aware of the ballasts used and ensure all micro
safety devices are working. Keep people away before striking the lamp.
q All
personnel should be warned of the dangers of ultraviolet radiation from “arc”
type lamps, and care should be taken to protect against skin and eye damage.
q Stage
lights should be properly focused, angled, and located.
q There
should be adequate lighting backstage.
q Lasers
must meet requirements set forth by the FDA’s Center for Devices and
Radiological Health. Only those personnel with correct laser-operation permits
are allowed to operate lasers.
q Black
light output should be low in ultraviolet radiation.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
q There
should be written emergency procedures.
q There
should be routinely scheduled fire drills.
q Emergency
exits should be clearly marked and accessible.
q There
should be a functional sprinkler system.
q There
should be appropriate fire extinguishers in good condition and checked
regularly. There should be adequate training for their use.
q There
should be a working fire alarm and smoke alarm system.
q All
curtains, props, sets, and scenery should be fireproof. Costumes should be
fireproof if there are any fire effects.
q If
pyrotechnics are used, permitting and approval shall be done through the local
authority having jurisdiction.
q Combustibles,
waste materials, and rubbish should be stored in approved containers and
disposed of properly.
q Oily
rags, paint rags, oily waste, or similar materials subject to spontaneous
combustion should be kept in approved oily waste cans and disposed of properly.
q Keep
stored combustible materials away from exits and fire equipment.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
x3911
q All persons working in the scene
shop must have the approval of the theater director or his/her designee or
design faculty.
q Operating hours must be posted
and obeyed.
q Know the locations of the
first-aid kit and fire alarm pull boxes.
q Know the locations of all fire
extinguishers and how to use them.
q Know where the emergency
electrical cut off switch(s) is and how to use it (shut trip).
q Use of powered tools or
equipment (electric or air) requires certification on proper operational
procedures by the department of theater & dance technical director or
design faculty.
q No power tool may be used
without the direct supervision of the theater director or his/her designee.
q When using powered tools or
equipment (electric or air) at least two qualified persons must be in the shop.
Under no circumstances shall anyone work alone using powered tools.
Scene Shop – General Safety (Continued)
q When spray painting, welding,
cutting Styrofoam, or using other applications causing fumes or excessive dust,
follow the current OSHA respiratory protection standard, wear an approved mask
or respirator, and turn on the exhaust fan (well ventilated).
q Non-class/lab individuals or
groups are also responsible for proper clean up, shop safety, and security
during their work calls.
q See also the next section titled
“Clothing and Personal Protection.”
q Participants with
special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
emergency _ – x3911
Clothing and Personal Protection
q Avoid wearing loose or baggy
clothing when working in the shops or on stage.
Jeans
or other durable pants are preferred for work calls. It is generally
recommended to keep a set of clothes solely for work in the shops.
q Jewelry should not be worn
while working in the shops or on stage during work calls.
q Long hair should be covered or
tied back so it does not become entangled in equipment.
q Proper footwear should be worn
at all times during work calls. For example, when working in the scene shop
sandals and other loose fitting footwear are not permitted. Sneakers or work
boots are acceptable and hard sole shoes are preferred.
q Proper eye protection must be
worn in the vicinity of/or when using power equipment.
q Hearing protection should be
used when noise levels are high. See technical director for advice on when to
wear hearing protection.
q Dust/particle masks should be
available in the tool room in the scene shop.
q Persons who have been tested
and fitted with them can only wear approved respirators.
q Skin absorbs solvents,
bleaches, dyes, and other chemicals easily and can cause lasting health
problems. Avoid contact with these chemicals by using proper protective gloves.
Check Material Safety Data Sheets for proper personal protective equipment.
q At the end of each work call
wash hands thoroughly with soap and water.
q Establish safety zones or
require hardhat use when overhead work is to be performed.
q Climbing/overhead: See section on rigging.
q Train first responder – per
OSHA sub section K 1910.151. (See
Appendix B.)
q Participants with
special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
Directing Classes – General Safety
q No movement or voice work should be
attempted without an appropriate warm-up.
q Event supervisor(s) should make
certain that the space is unobstructed and well lighted.
q Event supervisor(s) should make
certain that the floor is clean and dry.
This is especially true if actors must work in bare feet (discouraged).
q All participants, including
non-class acting volunteers, should familiarize themselves with the
particularities of the rehearsal/performance space.
q Anyone who takes a rehearsal space
into complete darkness must inform participants that it is about to happen.
q No individual should attempt to
move heavy furniture/objects without assistance.
q The instructor must certify all
militant movement in student-directed scenes. This includes scenes involving
physical intimacy.
q No weapons are permitted.
q Know the location of the nearest
first-aid station, phone, fire extinguisher, fire alarm pull station, and fire
exit at all times.
q Rehearsal space should be left in
the condition in which it is found, or better.
q When
structural elements are constructed on stage use United States Institute of
Theater Technology Guidelines.
q Participants
with special health concerns should inform the event supervisor.
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Yes No N/A
1.
Who is the management representative that is responsible
for
health and safety at the theater? ______________________
2. Is
there an evaluation procedure for new materials, ( ) (
) ( ) productions, and special effects?
3.
Are there material safety data sheets on products and ( ) (
) ( )
chemicals in use maintained at the
theater? 4.
Is 4. Is there hazardous chemical training conducted for all employees? (
) ( ) ( ) 5.
5. 5. Are there special procedures for the health and ( ) ( ) ( )
safety of child actors?
1. Are there written emergency procedures?
2. Are the
emergency exits clearly marked/illuminated/accessible? ( )
( ) (
)
3. Is the sprinkler system functional? ( ) ( ) ( ) 4.
Are there appropriate fire
extinguishers? ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. Are the fire extinguishers in good condition
and checked regularly? ( ) ( ) ( )
6.
Is there a working fire alarm system? ( ) ( ) (
)
7. Are there working smoke alarms? ( ) ( ) ( )
8. Are there appropriate fireproof curtains,
props, sets, and ( ) ( ) ( )
costumes
as required?
A.
Stage conditions
1. Is rigging safely secured? (
) ( ) ( ) 2. Are props safely secured? ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. Are lights safely secured? ( ) ( ) ( )
4. Are trap doors and pits adequately marked? ( ) ( ) ( )
5. Are the grooves in the floor clearly
marked? ( ) (
) ( )
6. Are electrical outlets recessed? ( ) (
) ( )
7. Is electrical wiring secured on floors and
walls? ( ) (
) ( )
8. Are electrical cords clearly marked? ( ) (
) ( )
9. Are elevations clearly marked and safe? ( ) ( ) ( )
10.
Are raked stages used and safe? ( ) ( ) ( )
11. Do stage floors have adequate
resiliency? ( ) ( ) ( )
12. Are the stage floors dry and
cleared of slippery material? ( ) ( ) ( )
13. Are the stage floors free of
splinters, nails, ( ) ( ) ( )
or
worn-out floorboards?
B. Lighting
1.
Are the stage lights properly focused, angled, and located? (
) ( ) ( )
2.
Is there adequate lighting backstage? ( ) ( ) ( )
3.
Is black light output low in ultraviolet (uv) radiation? ( ) ( ) ( )
4.
Are there adequate precautions for strobe lights? ( ) ( ) ( )
Yes No N/A
C. Stairways
1.
Are the treads and backstage stairs maintained in good condition? ( ) (
) ( )
2.
Are the stairwells properly illuminated? ( ) (
) ( )
3.
Are the alleyways clear of litter and obstacles? (
) ( ) ( )
A. Stage traffic
1.
Are entrances and exits well choreographed and rehearsed? (
) ( ) ( )
2.
Are on-stage movements well choreographed and rehearsed? ( ) (
) ( )
B. Stunts/stage combat
1.
Are there written procedures?
( ) ( ) ( )
2.
Are stunts and combat carefully choreographed and ( ) (
) ( )
planned by qualified personnel?
3.
Is there adequate training and rehearsal time? ( ) ( ) ( )
4.
Are there padded landing areas for jumps over 6 feet? ( ) ( ) ( )
C.
Special effects (fogs, fire, smoke, etc.)
1.
Is there a written plan for pyrotechnics? ( ) ( ) ( )
2.
Is there hearing protection for noise? ( ) ( ) ( )
3.
Are materials chosen for optimal safety? ( ) ( ) ( )
4.
Is sand and artificial snow free of contaminants? ( ) ( ) ( )
A. First-Aid/medical procedures
1.
Are there approved first-aid kits available? ( ) ( ) ( )
2.
Are there emergency medical procedures?
( ) ( ) ( )
3.
Is there a list of local physicians and medical facilities? ( ) ( ) ( )
B. Make-up
1.
Are there individual make-up kits for each performer? ( ) (
) ( )
2.
Are ingredients listed on make-up? ( ) (
) ( )
3.
Is there appropriate ventilation for aerosols (e.g., hairsprays)? (
) ( ) ( )
Appendix
A
Theater Safety Code Reference Sheet
Selected National
Fire Protection Association Codes and OSHA Standards Applicable to Theater
Safety
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code™ 2003 Edition
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers 2002 Edition
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 2002 Edition
NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems 2003 Edition
NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems 2002 Edition
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code 2003 Edition
NFPA 40 Standard for the Storage and Handling of Cellulose Nitrate Film 2001 Edition
NFPA 51B Standard for Fire Prevention during Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work 2003 Edition
NFPA 55 Standard for the Storage, Use, and Handling of Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids in Portable and Stationary Containers, Cylinders, and Tanks 2003 Edition
NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces 2000 Edition
NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code® 2002 Edition
NFPA 101® Life Safety Code® 2003 Edition
NFPA 101B Code for Means of Egress for Buildings and Structures 2002 Edition
NFPA 102 Standard for Grandstands, Folding and Tellescopic Seating, Tents, and Membrane Structures 1995 Edition
NFPA 140 Standard on Motion Picture and Television Production Studio Soundstages and Approved Production Facilities 1999 Edition
NFPA 160 Standard for Flame Effects Before an Audience 2001 Edition
NFPA 291 Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing and Marking of Hydrants 2002 Edition
NFPA 600 Standard on Industrial Fire Brigades 2000 Edition
NFPA 601 Standard for Security Services in Fire Loss Prevention 2000 Edition
|
Subpart D - Walking-Working Surfaces This section addresses issues such as openings in
floors and walls, fixed industrial ladders, portable wooden and metal
ladders, fixed ladders, scaffolding, and mobile ladder stands. |
|
|
Subpart E - Exit Routes, Emergency Action Plans,
and Fire Prevention Plans (revised effective December 9, 2002) This section addresses issues such as compliance
with NFPA 101 Life Safety Code, design and construction requirements for exit
routes, and maintenance of exit routes, emergency action and fire prevention
plans. |
|
|
Subpart F - Powered Platforms, man lifts, and
Vehicle-Mounted Work Platforms. This section addresses issues such as powered
platforms, vehicle mounted platforms, and man lifts. |
|
|
Subpart G - Occupational Health and Environmental
Control This section addresses issues such as
ventilation, noise, and non-ionizing radiation. |
|
|
Subpart H - Hazardous Materials This section addresses issues such as the use,
handling, and storage of compressed gases, acetylene, hydrogen, oxygen,
flammable and combustible liquids, spray finishing, explosives, LP gases, and hazardous waste operations. |
|
|
Subpart I - Personal Protective Equipment This section addresses items such as hazard
assessment and equipment selection for eye, face, respiratory, head, foot,
electrical, and hand protection. |
|
|
Subpart J - General Environmental Controls This section addresses items such as sanitation,
safety color code marking, accident prevention signs and tags, permit
required confined spaces, and electrical safety (lockout/tagout). |
|
|
Subpart K - Medical and First Aid This section addresses medical services and
first-aid requirements. |
|
|
Subpart L - Fire Protection This section addresses items such as fire
brigades, portable fire extinguishers, standpipe systems, automatic sprinkler
systems, fixed extinguishing systems, fire alarm systems, and employee alarm
systems. |
|
|
Subpart M - Compressed Gas and Compressed Air
Equipment This section addresses items such as air receivers. |
|
|
Subpart N - Materials Handling and Storage This section addresses items such as general
material handling, powered industrial trucks, overhead and gantry cranes,
truck cranes, derricks, and slings. |
|
|
Subpart O - Machinery and Machine Guarding This section addresses items such as general
requirements for all machines, woodworking machines, abrasive wheels,
mechanical power presses, and forging machines. |
|
|
Subpart P - Hand and Portable Powered Tools and
Other Hand-Held Equipment This section addresses items such as general
requirements and tool guarding. |
|
|
Subpart Q - Welding, Cutting, and Brazing This section addresses items such as general
safety requirements, and cutting and welding with oxygen-fuel gas, arc, and
resistance welding equipment. |
|
|
Subpart S – Electrical This section addresses items such as general
safety requirements, wiring design, methods, components, equipment, special
electrical equipment, classification of hazardous locations, safety training,
safe work practices, and personal protective equipment. |
|
|
Subpart Z - Toxic and Hazardous Substances This section addresses items such as air
contaminants, asbestos, lead, bloodborne pathogens, and a variety of
additional toxic and hazardous substances.
|
Appendix B
OSHA Standards
for Theater Safety
Works Cited
Colby College
Department of Theater. (2004). Safety
Information Sheets.
http://www.colby.edu/theater/information_sheets.shtml
Davidson, R.W.A.
and Vierra, P. (1990). The Pocket
Guide to Theatre Safety, Risk
International, Inc.
Glerum, J.O.
(1987). Stage Rigging Handbook, Southern Illinois University Press,
Carbondale.
Hoon, Khoo Ee.
(1997-2005). The Singapore Theatre Guide. www.singaporetheatre.com
National Fire
Protection Association. (1987). “NFPA 70
National Electrical Code.” NFPA,
Quincy.
National Fire
Protection Association. (1985). “NFPA
101 Life Safety Code.” NFPA, Quincy.
Occupational
Safety and Health Administration. (1989).
Occupational Safety and Health
Standards for General Industry 29 CFR Part 1910. OSHA, U.S. Department of
Labor,
Washington.
Theatrical
Health and Safety Self-Evaluation Checklist by University of North Florida.